Topic: Pleistocene

Randall Carlson describes the "black mat" layer found at 50 Clovis archaeological sites, which marks the boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. This layer coincides with the sudden disappearance of the Clovis people and the extinction of North American megafauna. Carlson discusses the shift in perspective among skeptics like T. Vance Haynes as more stratigraphic evidence emerges.

Lunan disputes the popular theory that the children traveled through a literal subterranean tunnel, noting that Woolpit sits on Pleistocene clay with a high water table where caves cannot exist. Instead, he highlights the children's description of an instantaneous transition, which he interprets as matter transmission. He points to the girl's sophisticated description of her experience as evidence that she was educated rather than a member of a primitive tribe.

During the last Ice Age, while North America was glaciated, Siberia and the land bridge known as Beringia were temperate environments inhabited by large mammals. Flem-Ath explains that as the crust shifted 11,500 years ago, North America moved out of the polar zone, causing massive melting and rising sea levels, while Antarctica moved into the polar zone and became encapsulated in ice.