Topic: Vinegar Antidote

The crucifixion of Jesus is reinterpreted through the lens of ancient toxicology, specifically the use of "dipsas" (horned viper) venom which causes extreme thirst. Dr. Hillman explains that the vinegar offered to Jesus on a sponge was a known pharmacological antidote to this specific venom. He further details how ancient physicians like Galen conducted experiments on criminals and animals to develop complex "polypharmaceutical" compounds and theriacs.