Topic: Galen

Dr. Amon Hillman describes his discovery of thousands of untranslated pages of ancient pharmaceutical texts, specifically those by the Roman physician Galen. These documents reveal that Emperor Marcus Aurelius was a heavy user of opium, with his dosages monitored and recorded by Galen. The discussion emphasizes that classicists often ignore these scientific texts, which detail complex drug combinations, including psychotropic substances used in medical and ritual contexts.

The crucifixion of Jesus is reinterpreted through the lens of ancient toxicology, specifically the use of "dipsas" (horned viper) venom which causes extreme thirst. Dr. Hillman explains that the vinegar offered to Jesus on a sponge was a known pharmacological antidote to this specific venom. He further details how ancient physicians like Galen conducted experiments on criminals and animals to develop complex "polypharmaceutical" compounds and theriacs.