47:11 We're now trying to build our investment to make some of these things happen. We're really excited about it." So the answer is yes, I'm sorry i gave a long answer to a short question practicality we think so and we're working on it Yes, indeed. And well here's an interesting one so you found out that water in a hydrophilic tube can kind of flow on its own the negative charge pushes it along without any kind of pump really maybe this is the mechanism behind blood flow in the body moreso than the heart being the sole pump but But that knowledge alone could be used to do something like maybe upgrade our entire plumbing infrastructure. I guess in a perfect world we would have hydrophilic vortexing pipes that can absorb sunlight above the ground as they flow? I don't know, I mean...I'm sure there's huge infrastructural possibilities there!
48:03 That's really creative. You touched on so many issues, let me first just respond in a practical way to your hypothesis about using it in major pipes to promote flow I think it won't be practical for that although I might actually be wrong because the driving phenomenon starts at the hydrophilic surface. And if you have a narrow tube, the hydrophilic surface is a major fraction of the opening in the tube of aluminum and it might be 10-20% as diameter and it works beautifully in situations like that if the tube material is hydrophilic. If you have a giant tube like
48:41 Some of the underground tubes that take water from some glacial melt for example as a conduit to the city, these are huge tubes and because their diameters are really large. The EZ is very small fraction, the EZ that forms just inside the tube material is a very small fraction of the tube diameter and it won't work so effectively. I'm not suggesting that it's impossible but I'm suggesting that it may not be practical in the manner that you suggested. If you, on the other hand put a lot of Small tubes in parallel, yes then it can work and it can work effectively. But returning to the heart just before this interview I was speaking to my student who's been working on that project and we're putting together a couple of papers just before his PhD which he is about to receive and we did indeed find that in the cardiovascular system this mechanism, this slow mechanism
49:42 you alluded to is actually working probably at the level of the capillaries and so, you don't actually need the heart to get slow. Let me explain there have been experiments not only my student doing it but people maybe four or five different investigators over the last half century published papers demonstrating that if a heart is either blocked or stopped for some reason, the heart is not functioning the blood flow doesn't go to zero. Something else is involved in persisting flow It doesn't flow at the same rate by any means, it's much slower but it keeps going. In the case of my student studying the flow in the chick embryo when the heart is stopped by injecting potassium chloride, flow continues he demonstrated the same as what other people demonstrated. He keeps going and kind of surprised because we expect the heart stops you're dead and there's no flow but that's not true. The flow persists for say
50:44 more than an hour. And as I said, it's reported in other labs but nobody pays attention because it seems too exotic to be true but we have clear evidence that it's true so there's got to be some mechanism that drives it and when we first found this phenomenon of flow-in tubes then each the same how he founded this was also a kind of student who is maybe being slightly disobedient and well, maybe that's not the right word. His eyes were open so he had an experiment where he was using the same material that I mentioned called Nafion and it builds very nice exclusion zones next to it
51:23 And we found that Nafion comes not only in the sheets that we had used but also as tubes. So it's like a straw and the material is made of Nafion and his job was to look in the microscope and see if he put this tube in water, that contained microspheres could actually detect an EZ? We expected an EZ has an annular region just inside the tube, inside the wall of the tube and just outside the wall of the tube running along the length. and he could confirm that but he found something else. I distinctly will remember that day because it's unforgettable to me because of the magnitude of his accidental discovery, so i'm sitting in my office same office from which i'm speaking right now
52:07 I had a visitor, can't remember who the visitor was but obviously it must have been kind of non-impacting visitor otherwise that might have remembered. And we're sitting and talking and the student comes barging in usually students don't do that they have a modicum of politeness especially if I'm sitting with somebody else so poke their head or something he came in and practically in the middle of a sentence I was talking to the guy, he said you know i just discovered something and I thought it's important enough for me to tell you. So he goes on to tell me he said now the tube is sitting horizontally at the bottom of the chamber and he's looking inside the tube with a lens of a microscope and he said there's flow inside the tube and the flow just keeps going it won't stop and I thought this might be important
52:56 I thought if this is really true and we checked it out in the next few days and it was clearly true. If this is true, it's really important because usually in order to have flow inside a tube you need pressure typically for example your heart is developing the pressure which pushes the blood through the tube through your large arteries and such but he found in these narrow tubes He said the flow is no pressure gradient, no difference of pressure. No high pressure at one end and low pressure at the other as you'd find in a cardiovascular system but it was just lying there horizontally and he's looking with a microscope and the flow just continues. We actually we could have it going for up to a day-and-a-half before slow down for reasons that we actually understand but I thought if it's really true since
53:46 and we know that the water is absorbing energy from the environment as I pointed out a few moments ago, this could be confirming evidence that this energy that's coming it really does come in really does get absorbed. It actually put to use in some way because of driving flow so I was really excited about this finding and then then I went to Russia to see a colleague of mine after we had found us and studied Again, light was the energy that was driving this because we had more light and get faster flow. So I went to visit my friend Vladimir Vyakov at Moscow University and as they went to his lab but the first thing he's an old friend of mine first things is I want you to meet my colleague in the next laboratory
54:35 And colleague in the next laboratory came over, sat down with his assistant and they started talking to me. Unfortunately I couldn't understand the Russian but it was translated by my friend and what they were telling me is that there's a big problem in the cardiovascular system and I'm thinking what kind of big problem can there be? PhD thesis simulating the dynamics of flow and pressure in the cardiovascular system. And quite arrogantly, I thought we had all the answers Until I spoke to him at greater length and he convinced me of the serious problem within 15 minutes. So what's the problem? The problem is that the capillaries, the smallest capillaries in healthy young adults, the diameter is 3-4 micrometers and red blood cells that need to pass through are
55:31 are 6 or 7 micrometers. So it's kind of like stuffing a basketball through an arrow hoop, you got to push it through or as I like to say sometimes is like stuffing up your toilet and in order to drive the stuff through to clear your toilet bowl, you need to get a plunger and you need to apply a lot of energy to kind of push and push and finally clears The situation is pretty much the same in the capillary and it looks like Mother Nature screwed up because no engineer would do such a thing. to have stuff that's twice the diameter of the tube. It just simply doesn't work and he said, we calculated how much energy is required? I don't know if his calculation was right or not but he came up with something like if a heart were fully responsible for doing all this pushing of the blood through at this small capillary, the heart would need to develop something like 1 million times
56:30 And even if he's off by a factor of 10 or 100, it is still very major problem that you could see intuitively as an issue. Actually if you watch the flow through the capillaries we've done that, you don't see any pulsatility. It looks like the flow in the capillaries is smooth and steady doesn't go push-push-push like to the rhythm of the heart so it seems disconnected And so he said, there's got to be something else that some other energy is driving the flow. And of course immediately despite my jet lag I could think oh you know we just saw in the laboratory
57:07 that you could get flow through tubes and the energy that's required is energy from the environment, from light especially infrared energy. I'm thinking maybe this applies and so I spoke to my student who still didn't have a project and I explained to him that this is a possibility that maybe there's flow phenomenon that we saw in the laboratory could be driving the flow in capillaries and it dependent on infrared There's lots of infrared energy coming from all the metabolic heat develops or you can add some from outside too either way and that could be put to use for driving it. So he admits to me three years later that he thought my idea was preposterous but accepted in any way and after he began doing experiments, he is now absolutely convinced by his evidence that this is true so the bottom line
58:00 is that for all of us, if his evidence holds up and I believe it should because it seems pretty clear that the heart is not the only supplier of energy to push the blood through the system. There's another one in auxiliary that is in the small vessels perhaps the capillaries or maybe arterioles or somewhere along the line. There's another mechanism and that mechanism is one that's based on easy water and if you wish I can tell you about two or three minutes, I just don't want to...I know we have a lot of other questions but we know pretty much how it works so it's in the book Fourth Phase Book which as he says gotten pretty popular
58:43 Yes, it has. And rightfully so I really do love it all but I would like to spend the last bit of time we have together trying to get beyond what's in the book if you don't mind but for the main event here I think we can call that a wrap You've been really generous with your time and thank you so much Yeah, thank you very much for the interesting questions. I really appreciate that Well the least i could do is have some questions for you but it was quite fun definitely an honor and a pleasure i know You got to go! I will make sure To tell the people about your books And website remind them of all that good stuff keep doing The great work you're doing and have A good one okay my pleasure greg okay take care bye